「膜」到底是真是假 ？

Internal Limiting membrane「不是」True membrane
External limiting membrane「不是」True membrane
Bruch’s membrane是True membrane

Descemet's membrane是True membrane
Bowmann's layer「不是」True membrane

EKC後產生的exudative membrane「不是」True membrane

大眼骨感美女–Orbital Bones

構成orbit的七仙女（大眼骨感美女喔！）
1. Frontal bone
2. Zygomatic bone
3. Maxillary bone
4. Ethmoid bone
5. Sphenoid bone
6. Lacrimla bone
7. Palatine bone

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* 構成Orbital Floor的骨頭–Maxilla、Palatine、Zygomatica
★ 口訣：地板上有一台MP3
=> M→Maxilla，P→Palatine，3（z的草寫像3）→zygomatica

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* 構成lateral wall of orbit
=> Greater wing of sphenoid、Zygomiatica

* 構成medial wall of orbit
=> Maxilla, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Lacrimal b.
★ 口訣： MS-EL （Microsoft ExceL，MEdiaL→MSEL）

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* 構成superior orbital fissure的骨頭–Lessor wing of sphenoid、greater wing of sphenoid（就是一塊sphenoid啦）

* 構成inferior orbital fissure的骨頭–sphenoid、Maxilla、Palatine
★ 口訣：SM！Please … （inf.下面…SM…請…）
=> M→Maxilla，P→Palatine，3（z的草寫像3）→zygomatica

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例題1: 下列何者不構成medial wall of orbit？
a. Maxillary bone
b. Palatine bone
c. Lacrimal bone
d. Sphenoid bone
答： b

例題2: 下列何者不構成inferior orbital fissure？
a. Maxillary bone
b. Palatine bone
c. Lacrimal bone
d. Sphenoid bone
答： c

例題3: 下列何者不參與構成orbit？
a. Parietal bone
b. Frontal bone
c. Lacrimal bone
d. Zygomatic bone
答： a

例題4：下列何者在眼窩的lateral wall及medial wall皆參與組成？
a. Maxillary bone
b. Palatine bone
c. Frontal bone
d. Sphenoid bone
答： d

例題5：下列何者參與superior orbital fissure及inferior orbital fissure的構成？
a. Maxillary bone
b. Palatine bone
c. Frontal bone
d. Sphenoid bone
答： d

Trisomy

Trisomy 21 – Down syndrome

* 人類最常見的chromosal disorder
* 約有5%為translocation異常

眼表現：

* 合併keratoconus, cataract, myopia（不是hyperopia）
* upslant(mongoloid) palpebral fissure (不是downslant/anti-mongoloid
* Almond-shaped palpebral fissures
* strabismus，通常esotropia（不是exotropia）
* Brushfield's spot
* iris stromal hypoplasia
* optic atrophy
* prominent epicanthal folds
* blepharitis (chronic, cicatricial)

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Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)

* prominent epicanthal folds, ptosis
* blepharophimosis with small or oblique palpebral fissures
* thick lower lid
* hypertelorism (hypotelorism)
* hypoplastic supraorbital ridges
* congenital glaucoma
* conreal opacities
* microphthalmos
* iris and uveal colobomas

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Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)

* hypotelorism (有時會是 hypertelorism)
* shallow supraorbital ridges
* absent eyebrow （眉毛不見了？小貓咪叨走了 …）
* epicanthal folds
* cyclopia (rarely)
* corneal couding
* introcular connective tissue, including cartilage
* 多半為microphthalmos, clinical anophthalmos (少見）
* PHPV
* catarct
* uveal coloboma
* retinal dysplasia
* optic nerve hypoplasia, atrophy, colobomas
* anterior "cleavage" syndrome