* 確定會透過corneal transplant傳給host者:
Rabies, HBV, CJD, retinoblastoma, bacterial/fungal keratitis, bacterial/fungal endophthalmitis, corneal dystrophy
=> lung cancer with CNS metastasis仍可考慮做為cornea donor
* 不確定是否會透過corneal transplant傳給host
HIV, HSV, prion disease
不適合做donor的:
death unknown, AIDS, syphilis, HTLV-1,2, active viral hepatitis, active sepcemia, ocular adenocarcinoma, ant. segment tumor, leukemia, active disseminated lymphoma, active bacterial/fungal endocarditis, active uveitis/intraocular inflammation, Reye syndrome, CNS tumor/infection.
其它考量:
做過LASIK/PRK/RK等cornea不適合。
低於2歲,大於70歲的cornea不適合。
開過cataract, 若endothelial counts夠的話,還是可以用。
cornea的preservation不好,或時間太長,可能要放棄(最好在12-18小時以內)
注意: post. segment melanoma是可當donor的喔!
目前最多的indication是cornea opacity造成視力減低,
過去IOL不發達的時代,最大的indication是PBK。
其它如trauama, keratoconus, corneal ulcer等等…愈來愈多。
術前poor prognosis如下:
* deep corneal NV
* ocular surface disorder (dry eye…)
* active ant. segment infection
* previous graft failure
* increased IOP
edematous cornea可能切下來後還留著endothlium,容易造成graft rejection,除惡務盡。
麻藥要上深一點,不然可能會有expulsive choroidal detachment,東西全部跑出來。
aphakic eye+large iris defect,可能會使corneal button來不及suture就直接掉進去,尤其是做過vitrectomy者,直落深井,欲哭無淚。
suture IOL也要綁好,不然往後一掉,同樣是欲哭無淚。
對於術後散光影響最大的是第二針suture
術後wound leakage超過3天就要resutre
術後glaucoma最大的原因是trabeculum結構改變。其它如epithelial downgrowth, fibrous ingrowth皆不常見。
microbial keratitis: infectious crystalline keratopathy(branching colonies of organism in deep stroma),最常見為Streptococcus造成。
小朋友在1month以前上麻藥比較容易出問題,但只要麻醉許可,其實是愈早做手術愈好(amblyopia機會愈低)
* 小於2歲的患者,易有新生血管產生
* 使用scleral ring可降低手術的危險性
* 用較大的cornea button會增加anterior lens-iris bulge機率。
* 拆線時間:成人的suture可以留著(除非NV, loose, abscess…)
=> 小孩子很容易有corneal NV,所以要提早拆
不同年齡的拆線參考時間點(口訣:2-4歲之間,幾歲就術後幾個月拆)
6-9 months → 5 weeks postop
1-2歲 → 6~8 weeks postop ( 1.5~2 months)
2-3歲 → 2-3 months postop
4-6歲 → 4 months postop
10歲 → 6 months postop
teenage → 9 months postop
dystrophy之中術後最容易recur者:lattice dystrophy
Fuch's endothelial dystrohpy幾乎不會recur,效果最好。
Corneal graft rejection
* 通常發生於術後2週,最長可達20年後才發現
三種form:
1. epithelial form:10%會有,只要不往下發展,通常不成問題,會有elevated, linear ridge
2. subepithelial form:AC可能有reaction,像adenoviral keratitis的樣子,可能往下發展。通常治療後可不留後遺症。
3. endothelial form:最嚴重,regraft機率高。inflammatory cells排一直線叫做「Khodadoust line」,8~37%比例reported,是最常見的graft rejection型式。
治療:
mainstay是topical corticosteroids(0.1% Dexa, 1% Pred)
ointment效果比較不好,不要用。
也可用periocular injection,再嚴重就考慮oral / systemic steroids.
對於high risk for rejection可,可術後給oral/sytemic cyclosporine
敬請指教
本人才疏學淺,懇請諸位先進前輩不吝指正。歡迎光臨:空中視力保健室
2007年7月28日 星期六
你不乖–Lens subluxation
造成subluxed lens的原因
Systemic
Marfan syndrome
Homocystinuria
Weil-Machesani syndrome
Hyperlysenemia
Sufite oxidase deficiency
Syphilis
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
ocular
Aniridia
Iris coloboma
Trauma
Hereditary ectopic elntis
Congenital glaucoma
特殊方位僻好
upward
* Marfan syndrome
=> lens subluxation主要以upward方向為主
=> 外上、內上皆有,外上(supero-temporal)是主要位置
=> 另外也可能ant. dislocation造成pupillary block
=> 也可能往後掉到vitreous cavity
=> 可造成monocular diplopia (spectacle無法correct)
=> 多數Marfan syndrome患者都會發生lens subluxation
downward
* Homocystinuria的lens subluxation主要以downward方向為主 (infero-nasal)
補充–其它會造成ectopia lentis的原因
* oxycephaly
* Crouzon disease
★ Microcornea不是造成ectopia lentis的原因
Systemic
Marfan syndrome
Homocystinuria
Weil-Machesani syndrome
Hyperlysenemia
Sufite oxidase deficiency
Syphilis
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
ocular
Aniridia
Iris coloboma
Trauma
Hereditary ectopic elntis
Congenital glaucoma
特殊方位僻好
upward
* Marfan syndrome
=> lens subluxation主要以upward方向為主
=> 外上、內上皆有,外上(supero-temporal)是主要位置
=> 另外也可能ant. dislocation造成pupillary block
=> 也可能往後掉到vitreous cavity
=> 可造成monocular diplopia (spectacle無法correct)
=> 多數Marfan syndrome患者都會發生lens subluxation
downward
* Homocystinuria的lens subluxation主要以downward方向為主 (infero-nasal)
補充–其它會造成ectopia lentis的原因
* oxycephaly
* Crouzon disease
★ Microcornea不是造成ectopia lentis的原因
標籤:
11_白內障及水晶體
九宮格方位大考驗
superotemporal
* BRVO → → superotemporal最多
* Congenital tilted disc syndorme → superotemporal disc保持完整,但VF defect也以superotemporal為主(會被混淆為chiasmal lesion)
* Dominaot optic atrophy的VF defect也以superotemporal為主
* Orbital dermolipoma→ 在orbit的superotemporal最多
* Orbital dermoid cyst最常出現在superotemporal,最常在lateral eyebrow
* Lacrimal gland在orbit的superotemporal
* lacrimal gland tumor, prolapsed lacrimal gland可在superotemporal被摸到。
* orbital pseudotumor可在superotemporal被摸到。
* episcelral osseus choristoma→superotemporal最多
* ectopic lacrimal gland→superotemporal最多
* anophthalmic ptosis→源自於sphere migration往superotemporal方向。
* Tube shunt surgery(如Ahmed valve)最理想的擺放位置在superotemporal
* Subtenon injection:prefer在superotemporal quadrant下手
Superonasal
* orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma最常在Superonasal
* capillary hemangioma最常在Superonasal
* orbital tumor: mucoceles, mucopyoceles, encephaloceles, neurofibromas
* ocular trauma最常出現scleral rupture處:Superonasal quadrant靠近limbal處(其它在直肌insertion及equator處也常見)
* 往orbital apex進行optic nerve手術時,prefer由superonasal處下刀(較不易傷到(SOF處的眾多血管及cranial nerves)
superotemporal + superonasal
Orbital dermoid cyst → superotemporal(主) + superonasal
Tube shunt surgery(如Ahmed valve)最理想的擺放位置在superotemporal(空間最大,引流效果最好),其次以superonasal亦可(手術access最容易)。
orbital lymphoma→superotemporal + superonasal
Inferotemporal
* Goldenhar的epibulbar dermoid cyst → Inferotemporal最多
* Typical peripheral cystoid retinoschisis(TPCR)→ Inferotemporal最多(所引起的RD,自然也以inferotemporal為多)。
* Reticular peripheral cystoid retinoschisis(RPCR)→ Inferotemporal最多(有時也在superotemporal quadrant)
* Optic pits → lesion多在 inferotemporal quarant 或 central portion of disc
* expulsive choroid hemorrhage時,不知道出血點在哪,可以直接在* inferotemporal quadrant做sclerotomy for drainage,如果無效,再打其它地方。
* 青少年常出現的benign-lymphoid foillulosis→在inferotemporal fornix最多
Inferonasal
Typical Iris coloboma→只在Inferonasal(若在其它quadrant就叫做atypical)
Congenital Tilted disc syndrome會有Inferonasal crecent of disc
Persisted corneal epithelial defect→只要在inferonasal(或inferior)
Phakomatous choristoma(Zimmermen tumor)→lens epithelium迷路到lower eyelid的Inferonasal處。
Mittendorf's dot→在lens post. capsulre的Inferonasal處。
Congenital lacrimal fistula→Inferonasal to medial canthus
Goblets cells在tarsal conjunctiva及Inferonasal最豐富。
cornea的Inferonasal處若出現puntate epithelial defect,暗示著toxicity
Inf. temporal + Superonasal
ocular trauma之後若發生retinal dialysis→Inf. temporal 或 Superonasal
muscle surgery的incision → Inf. temporal 或 Superonasal
upward
Marfan syndrome的lens subluxation主要以upward方向為主(外上、內上皆有)
downward
Homocystinuria的lens subluxation主要以downward方向為主
眼部的choristoma之中,幾乎都是S-T quadrant(除了limbal dermoid是I-T)
* limbal dermoid → Inferotemporal (很特別!)
* orbital dermoid → superotemporal or superonasal
* Dermolipoma → superotemporal
* episcelral osseus choristoma→superotemporal最多
* ectopic lacrimal gland→superotemporal最多
orbital tumor中,以上半部為主:
Superonasal
* orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma最常在Superonasal
* capillary hemangioma最常在Superonasal
* orbital tumor: mucoceles, mucopyoceles, encephaloceles, neurofibromas
Superotemporal
* Orbital dermolipoma→ 在orbit的superotemporal最多
* Orbital dermoid cyst最常出現在superotemporal,最常在lateral eyebrow
* Lacrimal gland在orbit的superotemporal
* lacrimal gland tumor, prolapsed lacrimal gland可在superotemporal被摸到。
* orbital pseudotumor
Superotemporal+Superonasal
* orbital lymphoma
* orbital dermoid cyst
* BRVO → → superotemporal最多
* Congenital tilted disc syndorme → superotemporal disc保持完整,但VF defect也以superotemporal為主(會被混淆為chiasmal lesion)
* Dominaot optic atrophy的VF defect也以superotemporal為主
* Orbital dermolipoma→ 在orbit的superotemporal最多
* Orbital dermoid cyst最常出現在superotemporal,最常在lateral eyebrow
* Lacrimal gland在orbit的superotemporal
* lacrimal gland tumor, prolapsed lacrimal gland可在superotemporal被摸到。
* orbital pseudotumor可在superotemporal被摸到。
* episcelral osseus choristoma→superotemporal最多
* ectopic lacrimal gland→superotemporal最多
* anophthalmic ptosis→源自於sphere migration往superotemporal方向。
* Tube shunt surgery(如Ahmed valve)最理想的擺放位置在superotemporal
* Subtenon injection:prefer在superotemporal quadrant下手
Superonasal
* orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma最常在Superonasal
* capillary hemangioma最常在Superonasal
* orbital tumor: mucoceles, mucopyoceles, encephaloceles, neurofibromas
* ocular trauma最常出現scleral rupture處:Superonasal quadrant靠近limbal處(其它在直肌insertion及equator處也常見)
* 往orbital apex進行optic nerve手術時,prefer由superonasal處下刀(較不易傷到(SOF處的眾多血管及cranial nerves)
superotemporal + superonasal
Orbital dermoid cyst → superotemporal(主) + superonasal
Tube shunt surgery(如Ahmed valve)最理想的擺放位置在superotemporal(空間最大,引流效果最好),其次以superonasal亦可(手術access最容易)。
orbital lymphoma→superotemporal + superonasal
Inferotemporal
* Goldenhar的epibulbar dermoid cyst → Inferotemporal最多
* Typical peripheral cystoid retinoschisis(TPCR)→ Inferotemporal最多(所引起的RD,自然也以inferotemporal為多)。
* Reticular peripheral cystoid retinoschisis(RPCR)→ Inferotemporal最多(有時也在superotemporal quadrant)
* Optic pits → lesion多在 inferotemporal quarant 或 central portion of disc
* expulsive choroid hemorrhage時,不知道出血點在哪,可以直接在* inferotemporal quadrant做sclerotomy for drainage,如果無效,再打其它地方。
* 青少年常出現的benign-lymphoid foillulosis→在inferotemporal fornix最多
Inferonasal
Typical Iris coloboma→只在Inferonasal(若在其它quadrant就叫做atypical)
Congenital Tilted disc syndrome會有Inferonasal crecent of disc
Persisted corneal epithelial defect→只要在inferonasal(或inferior)
Phakomatous choristoma(Zimmermen tumor)→lens epithelium迷路到lower eyelid的Inferonasal處。
Mittendorf's dot→在lens post. capsulre的Inferonasal處。
Congenital lacrimal fistula→Inferonasal to medial canthus
Goblets cells在tarsal conjunctiva及Inferonasal最豐富。
cornea的Inferonasal處若出現puntate epithelial defect,暗示著toxicity
Inf. temporal + Superonasal
ocular trauma之後若發生retinal dialysis→Inf. temporal 或 Superonasal
muscle surgery的incision → Inf. temporal 或 Superonasal
upward
Marfan syndrome的lens subluxation主要以upward方向為主(外上、內上皆有)
downward
Homocystinuria的lens subluxation主要以downward方向為主
眼部的choristoma之中,幾乎都是S-T quadrant(除了limbal dermoid是I-T)
* limbal dermoid → Inferotemporal (很特別!)
* orbital dermoid → superotemporal or superonasal
* Dermolipoma → superotemporal
* episcelral osseus choristoma→superotemporal最多
* ectopic lacrimal gland→superotemporal最多
orbital tumor中,以上半部為主:
Superonasal
* orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma最常在Superonasal
* capillary hemangioma最常在Superonasal
* orbital tumor: mucoceles, mucopyoceles, encephaloceles, neurofibromas
Superotemporal
* Orbital dermolipoma→ 在orbit的superotemporal最多
* Orbital dermoid cyst最常出現在superotemporal,最常在lateral eyebrow
* Lacrimal gland在orbit的superotemporal
* lacrimal gland tumor, prolapsed lacrimal gland可在superotemporal被摸到。
* orbital pseudotumor
Superotemporal+Superonasal
* orbital lymphoma
* orbital dermoid cyst
Cherry Red Spot (小紅點)
Cherry red spot:只在fovea處保有血色,在蒼白的retina中顯得特搶眼,與眾不同
會有小紅點的疾病:
Storage disease
1. Tay-Sach disease (GM2-1)
2. Sandohoff disease (GM2-2)
3. GM1 gangliosidosis
4. Niemann-Pick disease
5. Sialidosis
6. Farber lipogranulomatosis
Vascular failure
1. CRAO (最常見cherry red spot的原因)
2. Trauma
注意:
考試最喜歡出: Niemann-Pick, Sialidosis, Tay-Sach disease, Sandohoff
* Hunter disease不會有cherry red,一定要記起來!(獵人不會欺負小紅帽)
會有小紅點的疾病:
Storage disease
1. Tay-Sach disease (GM2-1)
2. Sandohoff disease (GM2-2)
3. GM1 gangliosidosis
4. Niemann-Pick disease
5. Sialidosis
6. Farber lipogranulomatosis
Vascular failure
1. CRAO (最常見cherry red spot的原因)
2. Trauma
注意:
考試最喜歡出: Niemann-Pick, Sialidosis, Tay-Sach disease, Sandohoff
* Hunter disease不會有cherry red,一定要記起來!(獵人不會欺負小紅帽)
標籤:
12_視網膜及玻璃體
Paradoxical pupillary phenomenon
定義: 照完光之後,在暗處瞳孔不但沒放大,竟然縮小!很離譜耶 …
發生在嚴重的 optic nerve disease 或 cone dysfunction
D/D: (背熟呀!會考的!)
1. Congenital stationary night blindness
2. Congenital achromatopsia
3. Optic nerve hypoplasia
4. Leber congenital amaurosis
5. Best disease
6. Albinism
7. Retinitis pigmentosa
一種熟悉的感覺,難言的困惑,說不出口的感動 …
沒錯! 太像了,這兩張表:
Decreased vision and minimal fundus change
(國語: fundus看起來還好,但視力著實下降了…)
1. Congenital stationary night blindness
2. Leber congenital amaurosis
3. optic nerve hypoplasia
5. ocular albinism
5. Rod monochromacy
6. Blue cone monocromacy
7. Hereditary optic atrophy
結論: 背得清楚 … 我輸給你啦!
發生在嚴重的 optic nerve disease 或 cone dysfunction
D/D: (背熟呀!會考的!)
1. Congenital stationary night blindness
2. Congenital achromatopsia
3. Optic nerve hypoplasia
4. Leber congenital amaurosis
5. Best disease
6. Albinism
7. Retinitis pigmentosa
一種熟悉的感覺,難言的困惑,說不出口的感動 …
沒錯! 太像了,這兩張表:
Decreased vision and minimal fundus change
(國語: fundus看起來還好,但視力著實下降了…)
1. Congenital stationary night blindness
2. Leber congenital amaurosis
3. optic nerve hypoplasia
5. ocular albinism
5. Rod monochromacy
6. Blue cone monocromacy
7. Hereditary optic atrophy
結論: 背得清楚 … 我輸給你啦!
Stargardt disease
< 50 yrs, 少數在十歲以前就會表現
(Juvenile-onset fovea atrophy)
大部份是AR,也有少數dominant
fundus表現:RPE上有discerete yellowish round / disciform flecks
若只侷限在post. pole,就叫Stargardt disease
如果peripheral retina也有,稱為fundus flavimalatus
biochemical source:來自 rod outer segemnt membrane
不過主要表現在macular的cone上面
Gene:
主要 ABCA4 : Stargardt disease(ABC transporter protein)
其它gene有 STGD4,ELOVL4, RDS-peripherin
80%在做FAG時,可見到”dark choroids”,且有multiple hyperfluorescence ( window defect)
Triads: macular atrophy, flecks, dark choroids
patches of geography atrophy融合在一起,晚期會變成Beaten-Bronze
可能會有Bull's eye,需要與cone dystrophy等病做D/D
(沒有Bull's eye,或FA沒有dark choroids也不可以rule out掉這個疾病)
VA: range from 0.1~0.4
* Stargadt disease應該不會有paradoxical pupillary phenomenon
(Juvenile-onset fovea atrophy)
大部份是AR,也有少數dominant
fundus表現:RPE上有discerete yellowish round / disciform flecks
若只侷限在post. pole,就叫Stargardt disease
如果peripheral retina也有,稱為fundus flavimalatus
biochemical source:來自 rod outer segemnt membrane
不過主要表現在macular的cone上面
Gene:
主要 ABCA4 : Stargardt disease(ABC transporter protein)
其它gene有 STGD4,ELOVL4, RDS-peripherin
80%在做FAG時,可見到”dark choroids”,且有multiple hyperfluorescence ( window defect)
Triads: macular atrophy, flecks, dark choroids
patches of geography atrophy融合在一起,晚期會變成Beaten-Bronze
可能會有Bull's eye,需要與cone dystrophy等病做D/D
(沒有Bull's eye,或FA沒有dark choroids也不可以rule out掉這個疾病)
VA: range from 0.1~0.4
* Stargadt disease應該不會有paradoxical pupillary phenomenon
標籤:
12_視網膜及玻璃體
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