Collagen目前有19種,以下略述容易被提及的重點
Type 1 collagen
=> 屬fibril-forming, 組成多數的connective tisse
=> corneal stroma的主要成份 (佔70%的wet weight of corneal stroma)
=> scleral stroma的主要成份
Type 3 collagen
=> corneal stroma及scleral stroma也有
=> 與corneal wound healing有重要關聯
Type 4 collagen
=> 所有的basement membrane都屬之
=> 例如 : Descemet's membrane主要成份就是type 4 collagen
=> 而Bowman's layer不是BM,所以不屬之。(AAO Sec.8第一題)
依器官整理:
Cornea: Type 1,3,5,6,7,12,14
=> Descemet's membrane: type 4,8
=> corneal epithelium的anchoring fibril: type 7
=> Bowman's layer 由 type 1,5,6 collagen 組成
Sclera: Type 1,3 …
Vitreous: Type 2,5,9,11
=> type 2構成主要的fibril
=> type 9構成surface的fibril
結論: 分類就是學問,背不起分類,人生就是黑白的 …
例題1: Vitreous裡主要的collagen不包含何者 ?
a. type 1 collagen
b. type 2 collagen
c. type 5 collagen
d. type 9 collagen
答: a
例題2:下列何者以type 4 collagen為主要成份之一?
a. Vitreous
b. External limiting membrane
c. Bowmann's layer
d. Descemet membrane
答: d.
例題3:vitreous中哪一類的collagen為最主要成份?
a. Type 1 collagen
b. Type 2 collagen
c. Type 7 collagen
d. Type 9 collagen
答: b.
敬請指教
本人才疏學淺,懇請諸位先進前輩不吝指正。歡迎光臨:空中視力保健室
2009年5月30日 星期六
2007年8月12日 星期日
2007年8月10日 星期五
基礎眼科學重點備忘筆記
6. left occipital lobe的post. aspect被傷到,可能產生congruous right upper quadrant anoptic VF defect,也就是在右眼的外上(upper temporal in r't eye)、左眼的內上(nasal upper in l't eye)
7. 影響CN3的aneurysm在哪最多?
答: Post. communicating artery與internal carotid artery之間
(口訣: PCICA → 電腦裡的IC是A等的…)
8.larimal nerve (CN5-1的分支),帶著post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers支配lacimal glands,掌管lacrimation
9. CN V-1,V-2, 3,4,6 皆通過cavernous sinus
=> CN V-3(mandibular br.)不通過cavernous sinus。
10. de Morsier syndrome會有bilateral optic nerve hypoplasiade
=> 另外還有absence of the septum pellucidum
11. oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota)
=> unilateral
=> uveal tract可能有hyperpigmentation
=> glaucoma的可能
=> malignant melanoma的可能
12. PAX gene掌管身體胚胎發育的協調
13. anti-oncogen p53的描述
=> it prevents cells from proliferating if their DNA is irreparably damaged.
=> p53就像「防火牆」,萬一出問題,就得停止災情擴大。
15. retinoblastoma中,只有5~10%會有family history。
=> retinoblastom與13q14 deletion syndrome有關
=> 遺傳型是AD
16. 「傳子也傳女,女傳子不傳,子顯女不顯,問君是何病?」
答: 庶乎「粒線體遺傳」之德 …
17. tear film裡富含什麼Ig?
答: IgA (情人眼裡出IgA…)
18. blue cones吸收440nm的光
21. pilocarpine的作用
=> induce myopia
=> induce accommodation
=> central AC shallowing
=> reduce night vision (pupil變小,光圈小,則夜照差)
22. pilocarpine是direct-acting cholinergic agent
=> echothiophate iodide是cholinsterase inhibitor
23. cocaine的機轉: blocks re-uptake of norepinephrine
=> 可用於Horner syndrome之診斷(若點了pupil不大,就是有Horner syndrome)
24. Dapiprazole hydrochloride (Rev-Eyes)是什麼的解藥?
=> phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) → Rev配Neo,倒回去就是新的…絕配!
25. CAI的副作用:metabolic acidosis (不是alkalosis)
=> 另一個副作用應該是hypokalemia(不是hyperkalemia)
27. antiviral: vitroptic, vidarabine, acyclovir
(抗病毒藥的命名有個特色:藥名幾乎都會有個V…)
29. rhodopsin的mutation與何有關?
=> retinitis pigmentosa
32. linkage analysis是決定allele之間相近度的一種方法。
36. CN4在muscle cone外,retroblbar最難打到她!
37. optic nerve從optic canal進入眼窩,不跟別人擠SOF…
38. 四條直肌之中,MR的insertion離limbus最近
39. fetal alcohol syndrome沒有microspherophakia
=> 但有microphthalmos,Peters anomaly, narrow forehead and small nose
40. neurocristopathy沒有突變的型式(mutation)
=> 因為…忍者龜才會突變。
=> migration(遷), induction(引), regression(退), differentiation(分)
=> neurocristopathy四招: 遷、引、退、分。就是不變 …
41. post. emryotoxon, peter anomaly, Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, post. keratoconus皆屬於congenital AC anomaly
=> iris coloboma不屬於congenital AC anomaly
42. oculocutaneous albinisum包括
=> iris transilluminatino
=> tyrosinase positive
=> tyrosinase negative
=> skinhypopigmentation
=> nystagmus (有原因的,不是隨隨便便不明不白的哩!)
★ oculocutaneous albinism乃因缺乏fundus pigmentation造成的sensory defect nystagmu,故非idiopathic。
43. neural crest的三波發育 (土風舞口訣: 一二三、內踩腳)
=> 第一波: corneal endothelium (內:endothelium)
=> 第二波: iris stroma (彩:iris)
=> 第三波: corneal stroma (角:keratocyte)
★ ciliary epithelium是neuroectoderm的結果…不屬neural crest。
44. cyclosporin可減少KCS的不適症狀,但無法幫忙增加淚水 (只能助產,不能幫客戶懷孕…)
45. AREDS說:moderate to advanced AMD患者吃了「黃斑部營養套餐」,就會減緩視力惡化喔!。
=> mild或healthy的人吃了無效!
46. AREDS建議moderate to advanced AMD患者可以每天起床後大喊一聲旺旺,然後開始享用「黃斑部營養套餐」:
=> Antioxidants: vit. C, 500mg Vit. E 400IU, beta carotene 15mg
=> minerals: zinc 80mg(zinc oxide), copper 2mg(cupric oxide)
喔,菜單裡「沒有Vit. A」,喜歡這一味的只好自己買紅蘿蔔回家煮了。
47. ε-crystallin是eyzyme lactate dehydrogenase
=> 一串字寫了6個"e",就是提示我們要選ε
48. LASIK術後靠著endothelial pump抓住corneal flap
49. 可影響藥物穿透角膜的因素
=> 濃度、pH值、載體、離子型皆可影響
★ 藥量無影響! (不是點愈多就進去愈多 … )
50. 眼藥水若提高lipid solubility,則容易穿透角膜
=> solution的穿透力比ointment好(所以PK後的用藥以frequent topical為主)
51. Timolol 0.5%有多少minigram
=> 0.25mg … -_-||
52. smoker若用beta carotene可能會引起lung cancer
53. 散瞳劑疊疊樂之 duration 集中評比:
atropine > scopolamine > homatropine > cyclopentolate > tropicamide
=> 記得scopolamine第二,tropicamide最短效,cyclopentolate第二短
=> 有 -ine 結尾的因為比較IN,所以可以high比較久
7. 影響CN3的aneurysm在哪最多?
答: Post. communicating artery與internal carotid artery之間
(口訣: PCICA → 電腦裡的IC是A等的…)
8.larimal nerve (CN5-1的分支),帶著post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers支配lacimal glands,掌管lacrimation
9. CN V-1,V-2, 3,4,6 皆通過cavernous sinus
=> CN V-3(mandibular br.)不通過cavernous sinus。
10. de Morsier syndrome會有bilateral optic nerve hypoplasiade
=> 另外還有absence of the septum pellucidum
11. oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota)
=> unilateral
=> uveal tract可能有hyperpigmentation
=> glaucoma的可能
=> malignant melanoma的可能
12. PAX gene掌管身體胚胎發育的協調
13. anti-oncogen p53的描述
=> it prevents cells from proliferating if their DNA is irreparably damaged.
=> p53就像「防火牆」,萬一出問題,就得停止災情擴大。
15. retinoblastoma中,只有5~10%會有family history。
=> retinoblastom與13q14 deletion syndrome有關
=> 遺傳型是AD
16. 「傳子也傳女,女傳子不傳,子顯女不顯,問君是何病?」
答: 庶乎「粒線體遺傳」之德 …
17. tear film裡富含什麼Ig?
答: IgA (情人眼裡出IgA…)
18. blue cones吸收440nm的光
21. pilocarpine的作用
=> induce myopia
=> induce accommodation
=> central AC shallowing
=> reduce night vision (pupil變小,光圈小,則夜照差)
22. pilocarpine是direct-acting cholinergic agent
=> echothiophate iodide是cholinsterase inhibitor
23. cocaine的機轉: blocks re-uptake of norepinephrine
=> 可用於Horner syndrome之診斷(若點了pupil不大,就是有Horner syndrome)
24. Dapiprazole hydrochloride (Rev-Eyes)是什麼的解藥?
=> phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) → Rev配Neo,倒回去就是新的…絕配!
25. CAI的副作用:metabolic acidosis (不是alkalosis)
=> 另一個副作用應該是hypokalemia(不是hyperkalemia)
27. antiviral: vitroptic, vidarabine, acyclovir
(抗病毒藥的命名有個特色:藥名幾乎都會有個V…)
29. rhodopsin的mutation與何有關?
=> retinitis pigmentosa
32. linkage analysis是決定allele之間相近度的一種方法。
36. CN4在muscle cone外,retroblbar最難打到她!
37. optic nerve從optic canal進入眼窩,不跟別人擠SOF…
38. 四條直肌之中,MR的insertion離limbus最近
39. fetal alcohol syndrome沒有microspherophakia
=> 但有microphthalmos,Peters anomaly, narrow forehead and small nose
40. neurocristopathy沒有突變的型式(mutation)
=> 因為…忍者龜才會突變。
=> migration(遷), induction(引), regression(退), differentiation(分)
=> neurocristopathy四招: 遷、引、退、分。就是不變 …
41. post. emryotoxon, peter anomaly, Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, post. keratoconus皆屬於congenital AC anomaly
=> iris coloboma不屬於congenital AC anomaly
42. oculocutaneous albinisum包括
=> iris transilluminatino
=> tyrosinase positive
=> tyrosinase negative
=> skinhypopigmentation
=> nystagmus (有原因的,不是隨隨便便不明不白的哩!)
★ oculocutaneous albinism乃因缺乏fundus pigmentation造成的sensory defect nystagmu,故非idiopathic。
43. neural crest的三波發育 (土風舞口訣: 一二三、內踩腳)
=> 第一波: corneal endothelium (內:endothelium)
=> 第二波: iris stroma (彩:iris)
=> 第三波: corneal stroma (角:keratocyte)
★ ciliary epithelium是neuroectoderm的結果…不屬neural crest。
44. cyclosporin可減少KCS的不適症狀,但無法幫忙增加淚水 (只能助產,不能幫客戶懷孕…)
45. AREDS說:moderate to advanced AMD患者吃了「黃斑部營養套餐」,就會減緩視力惡化喔!。
=> mild或healthy的人吃了無效!
46. AREDS建議moderate to advanced AMD患者可以每天起床後大喊一聲旺旺,然後開始享用「黃斑部營養套餐」:
=> Antioxidants: vit. C, 500mg Vit. E 400IU, beta carotene 15mg
=> minerals: zinc 80mg(zinc oxide), copper 2mg(cupric oxide)
喔,菜單裡「沒有Vit. A」,喜歡這一味的只好自己買紅蘿蔔回家煮了。
47. ε-crystallin是eyzyme lactate dehydrogenase
=> 一串字寫了6個"e",就是提示我們要選ε
48. LASIK術後靠著endothelial pump抓住corneal flap
49. 可影響藥物穿透角膜的因素
=> 濃度、pH值、載體、離子型皆可影響
★ 藥量無影響! (不是點愈多就進去愈多 … )
50. 眼藥水若提高lipid solubility,則容易穿透角膜
=> solution的穿透力比ointment好(所以PK後的用藥以frequent topical為主)
51. Timolol 0.5%有多少minigram
=> 0.25mg … -_-||
52. smoker若用beta carotene可能會引起lung cancer
53. 散瞳劑疊疊樂之 duration 集中評比:
atropine > scopolamine > homatropine > cyclopentolate > tropicamide
=> 記得scopolamine第二,tropicamide最短效,cyclopentolate第二短
=> 有 -ine 結尾的因為比較IN,所以可以high比較久
Blepharitis
參賽選手:
* Staphylococcal
* Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)
* Seborrheic
比較開始:
Location
=> Anterior: Staphylococcal、Seborrheic
=> Posterior: Meibomian gland dysfunction (anatomy)
Lashes變化(變白、掉毛)
=> Staphylococcal(+),另兩個少見或沒有。
Keratitis: 皆以inferior PEE表現
=> Staphylococcal會有phlyctenulosis
三者皆與Aqueous tear deiciency可能有關
Rosacea
=> Meibomian gland dysfunction常有Rosacea
=> Seborrheic可能有
=> Staphylococcal無Rosacea
* Staphylococcal
* Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)
* Seborrheic
比較開始:
Location
=> Anterior: Staphylococcal、Seborrheic
=> Posterior: Meibomian gland dysfunction (anatomy)
Lashes變化(變白、掉毛)
=> Staphylococcal(+),另兩個少見或沒有。
Keratitis: 皆以inferior PEE表現
=> Staphylococcal會有phlyctenulosis
三者皆與Aqueous tear deiciency可能有關
Rosacea
=> Meibomian gland dysfunction常有Rosacea
=> Seborrheic可能有
=> Staphylococcal無Rosacea
2007年8月9日 星期四
Contact與Spectacles lens之間的近距效應
Accommodatin → 考慮Vertex distance不同
* 近視者使用Spectacle lens可降低accommodation requirement
* 遠視者使用contact lens可降低accommodation requirement
* 近視者使用contact lens會增加accommodation requirement
* 遠視者使用Spectacle lens會增加accommodation requirement
=> 超高近視者,近距閱讀,只要使用一點點的accommmodation!
Convergence → 考慮prism effect
=> Contact lens會隨眼球動,沒有prism effect
=> Spectacles不隨眼球動,眼球convergence時會造成不同的prism effect
* 近視者使用spectacles,會有Base-In effect,降低convergence requirement
* 遠視者spectacles,會有Base-Out effect,增加convergence requirement
* 近視者使用Spectacle lens可降低accommodation requirement
* 遠視者使用contact lens可降低accommodation requirement
* 近視者使用contact lens會增加accommodation requirement
* 遠視者使用Spectacle lens會增加accommodation requirement
=> 超高近視者,近距閱讀,只要使用一點點的accommmodation!
Convergence → 考慮prism effect
=> Contact lens會隨眼球動,沒有prism effect
=> Spectacles不隨眼球動,眼球convergence時會造成不同的prism effect
* 近視者使用spectacles,會有Base-In effect,降低convergence requirement
* 遠視者spectacles,會有Base-Out effect,增加convergence requirement
2007年8月8日 星期三
Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis
* AD (常考喔!),
* NF1(17), NF2(22) von Reclinghausen neurofibromatosis
* Café-aulait spots, iris (Lisch) nodule
* 診斷NF-1的major criterion。
1. sphenoid wing dysplasia,
2. single plexiform neurofibroma
3. optic nerve glioma皆
* NF-1相關疾病:
1. congenital glaucoma,
2. optic glioma
=> 不需要馬上surgical incision
=> 病理學上有Rothental fibers。
3. astrocytoma,
4. orbital encephalocele,
5. pheochromocytoma
6. meningioma
Bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis (NF2)
* 僅60%有café-au-lait spot及peripheral neurofibroma
* Lisch nodule不算是「NF-2的特色」
* NF2主要特色為cataract (PSC, wedge-cortical cataract)
例題1: 下列何者不是NF-1的特色?
a. Lisch nodule
b. plexiform neurofibroma
c. optic nerve glioma
d. PSC
答:d
例題2: 下列關於neurofibromatosis的敘述何者錯誤?
a. NF-1為AD遺傳, NF-2為AR遺傳
b. NF-1的gene在第17對,NF-2的gene在第22對
c. Lisch nodule不算NF-2的特色
d. NF-1常見optic nerve glioma,病理學上有Rothental fibers。
答: a (both AD)
* AD (常考喔!),
* NF1(17), NF2(22) von Reclinghausen neurofibromatosis
* Café-aulait spots, iris (Lisch) nodule
* 診斷NF-1的major criterion。
1. sphenoid wing dysplasia,
2. single plexiform neurofibroma
3. optic nerve glioma皆
* NF-1相關疾病:
1. congenital glaucoma,
2. optic glioma
=> 不需要馬上surgical incision
=> 病理學上有Rothental fibers。
3. astrocytoma,
4. orbital encephalocele,
5. pheochromocytoma
6. meningioma
Bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis (NF2)
* 僅60%有café-au-lait spot及peripheral neurofibroma
* Lisch nodule不算是「NF-2的特色」
* NF2主要特色為cataract (PSC, wedge-cortical cataract)
例題1: 下列何者不是NF-1的特色?
a. Lisch nodule
b. plexiform neurofibroma
c. optic nerve glioma
d. PSC
答:d
例題2: 下列關於neurofibromatosis的敘述何者錯誤?
a. NF-1為AD遺傳, NF-2為AR遺傳
b. NF-1的gene在第17對,NF-2的gene在第22對
c. Lisch nodule不算NF-2的特色
d. NF-1常見optic nerve glioma,病理學上有Rothental fibers。
答: a (both AD)
Chromosome地址造冊
Ch. 1
* Stargardt disease, AR, Chromosome 1
* Gelatinous droplike dystrophy (primary familial amyloidosis)AR, Chromosome 1P
* GLC1A, 1q23 for Juvenile Glaucoma
Ch. 2
* AR form的pediatric glaucoma, chromosome 2
* Alport syndrome, X-linked為主或AR(10%), Mutation在collagen gene在X chromosome或chromosome 2而影響basement membrane
Ch. 3
* von Hippel-Lindau disease,位在 chromosome 3
* Dominant optic atrophy–AD, 位在 chromosome 3
Ch. 4
* Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy, AR, Chromosome 4q
* Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, 4p
* Rieger syndrome–4q25
Ch. 6
* HLA gene在Chromosome 6上
* North Carolina macular dystrophy, chromosome 6
Ch. 9
* Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville syndrome), AD, chromosome 9
* familial dysantonomia (Riley-Day syndrome), AR,Chromosome 9q
Ch. 10
* Gyrate atrophy, AR, Chromosome 10, ornithine aminotransferase mutation (OAT)
Ch. 11
* Aniridia,PAX6 gene在chromosome 11p13 , AD
* Best vitelliform dystrophy, AD,VMD2 gene (bestrophin)→Ch.11
* FEVR, AD最多(82%), FEVR 1 gene 在chromosome 11
* Ataxia-telangiectasia(Louis-Bar syndrome), AR,AT gene在chromosome 11
Ch. 13
* Retinoblastoma 13q
* Wilson disease, AR, chromosome 13q14.3
* Trisomy 13, Edward sydnrome
Ch. 15
* Marfan syndrome, AD, chromosome 15q21.1 (fibrillin gene)
Ch. 17
* Cystinosis (cysteine代謝異常),Chromosome 17p13
* Central areolar choroidal dystrophy, chromosome 17
* Neurofibromatosis-1,AD , chromosome 17 (NF-2在ch.22)
Ch. 19
* Myotonic dystrophy, AD, chromosome 19
* Mucolipidosese–mucopolysaccharide Ⅳ (mapped to Chromosome 19p)
Ch.21
* Trosomy 21→Down syndrome
Ch.22
* Neurofibromatosis-2 (von Reclinghausen neurofibromatosis)
* Sorsby macular dystrophy, AD, TIMP3 gene (chromosome 22)
Sex chromosome
* Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY,男性多出一個X染色體)
* Turner syndrome(45X,女生少一個X)
* color vision– 正常x chromosome上有1個red gene及3個green gene
* Stargardt disease, AR, Chromosome 1
* Gelatinous droplike dystrophy (primary familial amyloidosis)AR, Chromosome 1P
* GLC1A, 1q23 for Juvenile Glaucoma
Ch. 2
* AR form的pediatric glaucoma, chromosome 2
* Alport syndrome, X-linked為主或AR(10%), Mutation在collagen gene在X chromosome或chromosome 2而影響basement membrane
Ch. 3
* von Hippel-Lindau disease,位在 chromosome 3
* Dominant optic atrophy–AD, 位在 chromosome 3
Ch. 4
* Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy, AR, Chromosome 4q
* Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, 4p
* Rieger syndrome–4q25
Ch. 6
* HLA gene在Chromosome 6上
* North Carolina macular dystrophy, chromosome 6
Ch. 9
* Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville syndrome), AD, chromosome 9
* familial dysantonomia (Riley-Day syndrome), AR,Chromosome 9q
Ch. 10
* Gyrate atrophy, AR, Chromosome 10, ornithine aminotransferase mutation (OAT)
Ch. 11
* Aniridia,PAX6 gene在chromosome 11p13 , AD
* Best vitelliform dystrophy, AD,VMD2 gene (bestrophin)→Ch.11
* FEVR, AD最多(82%), FEVR 1 gene 在chromosome 11
* Ataxia-telangiectasia(Louis-Bar syndrome), AR,AT gene在chromosome 11
Ch. 13
* Retinoblastoma 13q
* Wilson disease, AR, chromosome 13q14.3
* Trisomy 13, Edward sydnrome
Ch. 15
* Marfan syndrome, AD, chromosome 15q21.1 (fibrillin gene)
Ch. 17
* Cystinosis (cysteine代謝異常),Chromosome 17p13
* Central areolar choroidal dystrophy, chromosome 17
* Neurofibromatosis-1,AD , chromosome 17 (NF-2在ch.22)
Ch. 19
* Myotonic dystrophy, AD, chromosome 19
* Mucolipidosese–mucopolysaccharide Ⅳ (mapped to Chromosome 19p)
Ch.21
* Trosomy 21→Down syndrome
Ch.22
* Neurofibromatosis-2 (von Reclinghausen neurofibromatosis)
* Sorsby macular dystrophy, AD, TIMP3 gene (chromosome 22)
Sex chromosome
* Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY,男性多出一個X染色體)
* Turner syndrome(45X,女生少一個X)
* color vision– 正常x chromosome上有1個red gene及3個green gene
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