成因:
原因不明,可能與媽媽使用藥物(phenytoin, quinine, LSD, alcohol…)或DM mother, 等有關。可能是第13週出現ganglion cell degeneration有關。
表現: double ring sign (一圈yellow-white ring,外面再一圈pigment)
單側:伴 strabismus
雙側:伴 nystagmus
性別平均表現。(♀ = ♂)
相關疾病:
* de Morsier syndrome (septo-optic dysplasia)會有Optic nerve hypoplasia
* Optic nerve hypoplasia是Paradoxical pupillary phenomenon的成因之一
* fetal alcohol syndrome會有Optic nerve hypoplasia
* Optic nerve hypoplasia應安排MRI(尤其雙側更與CNS異常有關)
1. hydrocephalus
2. hydronenecephaly
3. ant. visual pathway tumor
…
敬請指教
本人才疏學淺,懇請諸位先進前輩不吝指正。歡迎光臨:空中視力保健室
2007年7月30日 星期一
Tearfilm
* cornea的oxygen supply來自precorneal tearfilm為主(其它少部份來自lid血管、aqueous humor)
* 淚液(tear film)中會出現的免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin)
=> IgA, Secretory Iga(S-IgA)為主(由主淚腺及副淚腺分泌)。
=> 眼部發炎時,IgA及IgG都會提高
=> Vernal conjunctivitis時,IgE會飆高。
* Tear lysozyme可破壞bacteria cell wall, β-lysin可破壞bacteria的細胞膜,latoferrin可吸收游離鐵,抑制bacteria代謝
* Tear osmolarity在aqueous tear不足或MGD患者會升高
* tear中的potassium比serum plasma的濃度高出很多
* air-precorneal tearfilm負責最大部份的屈光度數
tear function assessment
tear breakup time
> 10 sec 正常
< 10 sec 異常
schirmer test
> 10mm 正常
< 10mm 異常
tear meniscus
> 0.3mm 正常
< 0.3mm 異常
* Tear break up – 跟 lipid layer相關
=> Meibomian gland dysfunction時會出現lipid tear deficiency
=> Rosacea 或 oral isobetinoin 都可能造成lipid layer異常
* Vit. A 乏是 mucin tear deficeicny 最常見的原因
=> 其它還有chemical burn, cicatricial pemphigois, Steven-Johnson syndrome, trachoma
* 淚液(tear film)中會出現的免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin)
=> IgA, Secretory Iga(S-IgA)為主(由主淚腺及副淚腺分泌)。
=> 眼部發炎時,IgA及IgG都會提高
=> Vernal conjunctivitis時,IgE會飆高。
* Tear lysozyme可破壞bacteria cell wall, β-lysin可破壞bacteria的細胞膜,latoferrin可吸收游離鐵,抑制bacteria代謝
* Tear osmolarity在aqueous tear不足或MGD患者會升高
* tear中的potassium比serum plasma的濃度高出很多
* air-precorneal tearfilm負責最大部份的屈光度數
tear function assessment
tear breakup time
> 10 sec 正常
< 10 sec 異常
schirmer test
> 10mm 正常
< 10mm 異常
tear meniscus
> 0.3mm 正常
< 0.3mm 異常
* Tear break up – 跟 lipid layer相關
=> Meibomian gland dysfunction時會出現lipid tear deficiency
=> Rosacea 或 oral isobetinoin 都可能造成lipid layer異常
* Vit. A 乏是 mucin tear deficeicny 最常見的原因
=> 其它還有chemical burn, cicatricial pemphigois, Steven-Johnson syndrome, trachoma
PAX
PAX gene mutation屬於Transcription factor mutation
PAX2 mutation → optic nerve coloboma, renal hypoplasia
PAX3 mutation → Waardenburg syndrome with dystopia conthorum
PAX6 mutation → aniridia, peter anomaly , autosomal dominant keratitis, dominant foveal hypoplasia
* aniridia通常伴隨cataract and glaucoma
* 注意:幾乎所有的aniridia都由PAX mutation而來,但仍有一些partial aniridia是來自AR的Gillepre syndrome
* WAGR : Wilm's tumor, Aniridia, Genitoruinary anomaly, Mental retard (位置在11p13產生gene deletion)
PAX2 mutation → optic nerve coloboma, renal hypoplasia
PAX3 mutation → Waardenburg syndrome with dystopia conthorum
PAX6 mutation → aniridia, peter anomaly , autosomal dominant keratitis, dominant foveal hypoplasia
* aniridia通常伴隨cataract and glaucoma
* 注意:幾乎所有的aniridia都由PAX mutation而來,但仍有一些partial aniridia是來自AR的Gillepre syndrome
* WAGR : Wilm's tumor, Aniridia, Genitoruinary anomaly, Mental retard (位置在11p13產生gene deletion)
Botox
Botulinum toxin type A
由 C. Botulinum取得 (肉毒桿菌素)
作用: block neuromuscular condution(bind to receptor on presynapse motor nerve terminal, and inhibit the release of acetylcholine release,是間接作用,非直接作用喔!)
* 最初用來治療blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm
* FDA在2002也aprove for cosmetic use用來除皺紋
* Acute spastic ectropion可用Botox治療
適合打botox的情形
1. post-op small residual angle strabismus有效(特別好!術後2-8週打)
2. small to moderate angle exotropia or esotropia
3. acute paralytic strabismus(如CN6 palsy)避免antagonist contracture(打在同側antagonist: MR)
=> 然而,對於單或雙側的traumatic sixth nerve palsy無效。
4. cyclic esotropia
5. 可治療active phase的thyroid ophthalmopathy
6. inflamed prephthisial eye (不適合手術者)
* 打入muscle後,2-4天後開始作用
* 眼外肌約作用5-8週(1~2個月)
=> 可能產生permanent improvement for ocular alignment
* orbicularis muscle大約作用3個月
不適合的情形(botox無效,或需要多次給予):
1. A,V pattern
2. DVD
3. oblique muscle
4. chronic paralytic strabismus (antagonist已contracture)
5. congenital nystagmus
Side effect of BOTOX injection
* Botox injection最常出現的complication: temporary ptosis (考!)
( 3週至3月,小孩25%, 大人16%,小孩比較容易)
=> 也可利用來故意造成tarsorrhaphy的效果,可治療一些corneal epithelial defect
* 第二常見: vertical strabismus 17%
* 其它少見的complication: globe rupture, retrobulbar hemorrhage …
由 C. Botulinum取得 (肉毒桿菌素)
作用: block neuromuscular condution(bind to receptor on presynapse motor nerve terminal, and inhibit the release of acetylcholine release,是間接作用,非直接作用喔!)
* 最初用來治療blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm
* FDA在2002也aprove for cosmetic use用來除皺紋
* Acute spastic ectropion可用Botox治療
適合打botox的情形
1. post-op small residual angle strabismus有效(特別好!術後2-8週打)
2. small to moderate angle exotropia or esotropia
3. acute paralytic strabismus(如CN6 palsy)避免antagonist contracture(打在同側antagonist: MR)
=> 然而,對於單或雙側的traumatic sixth nerve palsy無效。
4. cyclic esotropia
5. 可治療active phase的thyroid ophthalmopathy
6. inflamed prephthisial eye (不適合手術者)
* 打入muscle後,2-4天後開始作用
* 眼外肌約作用5-8週(1~2個月)
=> 可能產生permanent improvement for ocular alignment
* orbicularis muscle大約作用3個月
不適合的情形(botox無效,或需要多次給予):
1. A,V pattern
2. DVD
3. oblique muscle
4. chronic paralytic strabismus (antagonist已contracture)
5. congenital nystagmus
Side effect of BOTOX injection
* Botox injection最常出現的complication: temporary ptosis (考!)
( 3週至3月,小孩25%, 大人16%,小孩比較容易)
=> 也可利用來故意造成tarsorrhaphy的效果,可治療一些corneal epithelial defect
* 第二常見: vertical strabismus 17%
* 其它少見的complication: globe rupture, retrobulbar hemorrhage …
標籤:
06_小兒眼科及斜弱視,
07_眼窩眼瞼及鼻淚管,
藥理學
Ectropion VS Entropion
Ectropion (外翻)
* Down syndrome會有cicatricial ectropion (考試喜歡寫entropion讓你挑錯。另外要注意Down syndrome是esotropia,不是exotropia;horizontal nystagmus,不是vertical nystagmus;是myopia而非hyperopia)
* Blepharophimosis有lateral lower eyelid ectropion secondary to ant. lamellar deficiency. (考試喜歡寫entropion讓你挑錯)
* anophthalmic ectropion–loosening lower eyelid
=> prothesis太重,太大或frequency removal所致
* ectropion可造成exposure keratitis
entropion的分類:
congenital(horizontal laxity)
involutional
acute spastic cicatricial(orbicularis spasm造成)
Cicatricial(Vertical tarsoconjunctival contracture)
* cicatricial entropion ( secondary to post. lamellar scarring)
* 結膜結痂(conjunctival scarring) → 屬cicatricial
* Involutional entropion的成因
1. Horizontal eyelid laxity
2. lid retractor鬆弛
3. 年紀造成enophthalmos
* trichiasis有inturning of lashes
* Trachoma → cicatricial entropion
* Steven-Johnson syndrome → ectropion及entropion都可能
Lid correction for entropion(重要!常考!)
=> Weis, Quickert suture, no FTSG.
常用於cicatrical entropion及厲害的involutional entropion
Repair of retractor–Weis repair
lower eyelid retractor advancement
lateral canthal tightening
taping of the eyelid
mucous membrane grafting to the posterior eyelid
Temporizing measures – 用Quickact suture(high recurrent rate)
Horizontal eyelid tightening –lateral tarsal strip
整層切開,再作eyelid margin rotation
治療方式比較:
* Lid correction for entropion: Weis, Quickert suture
* repair for cicatricial ectropion:skin grafting
* Repair of lower eyelid retractor can be used in entropion and ectropion.
重點整理:
Down syndrome和blepharophimosis是ECtroion!
Trachoma和Trichiasis是ENtropion
Steven-Johnson syndrome兩種都可能。
* Down syndrome會有cicatricial ectropion (考試喜歡寫entropion讓你挑錯。另外要注意Down syndrome是esotropia,不是exotropia;horizontal nystagmus,不是vertical nystagmus;是myopia而非hyperopia)
* Blepharophimosis有lateral lower eyelid ectropion secondary to ant. lamellar deficiency. (考試喜歡寫entropion讓你挑錯)
* anophthalmic ectropion–loosening lower eyelid
=> prothesis太重,太大或frequency removal所致
* ectropion可造成exposure keratitis
entropion的分類:
congenital(horizontal laxity)
involutional
acute spastic cicatricial(orbicularis spasm造成)
Cicatricial(Vertical tarsoconjunctival contracture)
* cicatricial entropion ( secondary to post. lamellar scarring)
* 結膜結痂(conjunctival scarring) → 屬cicatricial
* Involutional entropion的成因
1. Horizontal eyelid laxity
2. lid retractor鬆弛
3. 年紀造成enophthalmos
* trichiasis有inturning of lashes
* Trachoma → cicatricial entropion
* Steven-Johnson syndrome → ectropion及entropion都可能
Lid correction for entropion(重要!常考!)
=> Weis, Quickert suture, no FTSG.
常用於cicatrical entropion及厲害的involutional entropion
Repair of retractor–Weis repair
lower eyelid retractor advancement
lateral canthal tightening
taping of the eyelid
mucous membrane grafting to the posterior eyelid
Temporizing measures – 用Quickact suture(high recurrent rate)
Horizontal eyelid tightening –lateral tarsal strip
整層切開,再作eyelid margin rotation
治療方式比較:
* Lid correction for entropion: Weis, Quickert suture
* repair for cicatricial ectropion:skin grafting
* Repair of lower eyelid retractor can be used in entropion and ectropion.
重點整理:
Down syndrome和blepharophimosis是ECtroion!
Trachoma和Trichiasis是ENtropion
Steven-Johnson syndrome兩種都可能。
標籤:
07_眼窩眼瞼及鼻淚管
Eyelid malignancy
Basal cell carcinoma
* 是最常見的眼瞼惡性腫瘤 (佔95%)
* Slow growth,好發於下眼瞼 (上眼瞼最常見的malignancy仍然是BCC)
* 好發在六七十歲的老人(平均67歲),但有5-15%在20-40歲之間。
* Risk factors
Smoking, excessive sun exposure
blond hair, Celtic ancestry, blue iris (不是brown iris→AAO習題)
* S/S of eyelid BCC
Painless nodule, shiny and waxy, indurated, firm and immobile, pearly, rolled border, and with fine (small) telangiectatic vessels on the surface.(不會是clear cystic)
分類:
Nodule type(常見)
Morpheaform(較aggrassive)
治療:
以外科手術治療之復發率最低!故外科切除是Tx首選。
若BCC長在medial canthal region,則不能採用radiation或cryotherapy
手術:Mohs’ micrographic surgery
Mohs’ micrographic surgery
用於deep infiltrative morpheaform medial canthal tumor
可保留最多healthy tissue及確定tumor完整切除
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
好犯 lower eyelid
為BCC發生率的1/40,也是用Mohs’ micrographic surgery
Sebaceous carcinoma
來自meibomian gland或zeiss gland (所以在upper lid比較多)
好犯 upper eyelid,較好發於女性(女多於男),大於50歲
然而,在upper eyelid的malignancy中,仍然以BCC最多!
用 oil red o 及 sudan black 染細胞內的 lipid。
細胞有 pagetoid intraepidermal involve的特性(skin spread)
有pagetoid者要用cryotherapy,不可用radiation(無效!)
看起來像chalazion,但loss of eyelash及meibomian surface destruction為其特徵
常被誤認為chronic conjunctivitis ~(考!)
預後比 BCC , SCC 還要差
malignant melanoma
佔5% skin cancer, 但eyelid則 < 1%
分類 (前兩者皆有vertical invasive growth)
Lentigo maligna melanoma (常見)
Nodular melanoma (常見)
Superficial spreading melanoma
Acrolentignous melanoma
Tumor厚度
> 1.5mm會有metastasis的機會
< 0.75mm則五年存活率98%
若 > 4mm 則五年存活率剩50%
Cutaneous melanoma不可使用cryotherapy(無效!) …
雖然conjunctival melanoma使用cryothearpy有效呢!
* 是最常見的眼瞼惡性腫瘤 (佔95%)
* Slow growth,好發於下眼瞼 (上眼瞼最常見的malignancy仍然是BCC)
* 好發在六七十歲的老人(平均67歲),但有5-15%在20-40歲之間。
* Risk factors
Smoking, excessive sun exposure
blond hair, Celtic ancestry, blue iris (不是brown iris→AAO習題)
* S/S of eyelid BCC
Painless nodule, shiny and waxy, indurated, firm and immobile, pearly, rolled border, and with fine (small) telangiectatic vessels on the surface.(不會是clear cystic)
分類:
Nodule type(常見)
Morpheaform(較aggrassive)
治療:
以外科手術治療之復發率最低!故外科切除是Tx首選。
若BCC長在medial canthal region,則不能採用radiation或cryotherapy
手術:Mohs’ micrographic surgery
Mohs’ micrographic surgery
用於deep infiltrative morpheaform medial canthal tumor
可保留最多healthy tissue及確定tumor完整切除
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
好犯 lower eyelid
為BCC發生率的1/40,也是用Mohs’ micrographic surgery
Sebaceous carcinoma
來自meibomian gland或zeiss gland (所以在upper lid比較多)
好犯 upper eyelid,較好發於女性(女多於男),大於50歲
然而,在upper eyelid的malignancy中,仍然以BCC最多!
用 oil red o 及 sudan black 染細胞內的 lipid。
細胞有 pagetoid intraepidermal involve的特性(skin spread)
有pagetoid者要用cryotherapy,不可用radiation(無效!)
看起來像chalazion,但loss of eyelash及meibomian surface destruction為其特徵
常被誤認為chronic conjunctivitis ~(考!)
預後比 BCC , SCC 還要差
malignant melanoma
佔5% skin cancer, 但eyelid則 < 1%
分類 (前兩者皆有vertical invasive growth)
Lentigo maligna melanoma (常見)
Nodular melanoma (常見)
Superficial spreading melanoma
Acrolentignous melanoma
Tumor厚度
> 1.5mm會有metastasis的機會
< 0.75mm則五年存活率98%
若 > 4mm 則五年存活率剩50%
Cutaneous melanoma不可使用cryotherapy(無效!) …
雖然conjunctival melanoma使用cryothearpy有效呢!
標籤:
07_眼窩眼瞼及鼻淚管
飛車戰神–CAR and MAR
CAR : Cancer-associated retinopathy
tumor分泌recoverin蛋白質攻擊photoreceptor引起。
small-cell lung cancer引起的為最多
colon adenocarcinoma少被報告
早期眼底看起來normal
血管會比較細
CAR會侵犯視網膜的cone和rod細胞 (CAR,有C:cone,R: rod,都會)
MAR: melanoma-associated retinopathy
只攻擊rod (MAR,只有R,於是攻擊Rod)
ERG會呈現negative wave
整理:
* CAR, MAR皆屬於Type 3 hypersensitivity (口訣: 車神開Mazda 3)
* CAR會攻擊cone, rod; MAR只攻擊Rod (口訣:字母裡有什麼就攻擊什麼)
補充:
ERG會呈現negative wave者:
CSNB
X-linked Retinoschisis (XLRS)
Goldman-Farve syndrome (enhanced s-cone/blue-cone syndrome)
MAR → 表上沒有列出來
tumor分泌recoverin蛋白質攻擊photoreceptor引起。
small-cell lung cancer引起的為最多
colon adenocarcinoma少被報告
早期眼底看起來normal
血管會比較細
CAR會侵犯視網膜的cone和rod細胞 (CAR,有C:cone,R: rod,都會)
MAR: melanoma-associated retinopathy
只攻擊rod (MAR,只有R,於是攻擊Rod)
ERG會呈現negative wave
整理:
* CAR, MAR皆屬於Type 3 hypersensitivity (口訣: 車神開Mazda 3)
* CAR會攻擊cone, rod; MAR只攻擊Rod (口訣:字母裡有什麼就攻擊什麼)
補充:
ERG會呈現negative wave者:
CSNB
X-linked Retinoschisis (XLRS)
Goldman-Farve syndrome (enhanced s-cone/blue-cone syndrome)
MAR → 表上沒有列出來
標籤:
12_視網膜及玻璃體
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