DM會使vessels的pericyte loss及basement membrane增厚，另外有
Increased platelet adhesiveness
Increase erythrocyte aggression
Abnormal serum lipid
Defective fibrinolysis
Abnormal of growth hormone
Upregulation of VEGF
Abnormal in serum and whole bloodiscosity
Nonproliferative diabetic reinopathy (NPDR) => Lesion未超過ILM
Glaucoma
* loss of ganglion layer of retina
* thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer
* posterior bowing of the retina cribrosa
Optic atrophy
loss of myelin
thickened pial strands
connetive tissue proliferation
但是astrocytes沒有loss
Giant cell arteritis
=> histological diagnosis is based on fragmentation of the internal intima
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